نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی
نویسندگان
1 دانشجوی دکترا، گروه فلسفه و کلام اسلامی، دانشکدۀ الهیات و معارف اسلامی، دانشگاه ایلام، ایلام، ایران.
2 دانشیار، گروه ادیان و فلسفه، دانشکدۀ ادبیات و زبان های خارجی، دانشگاه کاشان، کاشان، ایران.
3 دانشیار، گروه فلسفه و کلام اسلامی، دانشکدۀ الهیات و معارف اسلامی، دانشگاه ایلام، ایلام، ایران.
چکیده
کلیدواژهها
موضوعات
عنوان مقاله [English]
نویسندگان [English]
This study employs an analytic-comparative approach to reconstruct the rational foundations of self-awareness in the frameworks of Avicenna and Sydney Shoemaker, elucidating the source of "first-person privilege" in subject-involving judgments and its boundary with observational or mirror-based claims. The core issue is why subject-identification in statements like "I am in pain" is immune to misidentification errors, whereas in mirror judgments such as "I look pale"—which rely on visual reflection—this immunity weakens. The paper's aim is to articulate a two-level model of "presence/reference" and the "subject/content" mapping, demonstrating how "fundamental immunity of awareness-ownership" can be preserved as a precondition while "content fallibility" is explained as a validity condition. The method involves textual analysis of primary sources: on Avicenna's side, the theory of "knowledge by presence" and the "Flying Man" thought experiment ground "primitive presence" as the precondition for attention and judgment; on Shoemaker's side, "non-descriptive I-reference," the principle of "immunity to error through misidentification" (IEM), and "first-person authority"—with acknowledgment of judgment context-sensitivity—are examined. Findings reveal that the ontological level of presence provides the existential basis for "subject stabilization," while the logical-normative level of reference explains its linguistic-logical realization in subject-involving avowals. Thus, the "subject" remains immune to referential error, whereas the "content" (type, intensity, cause, or object of experience) remains evaluable and calibratable. The result is a demarcation of IEM's context-sensitive scope, avoidance of conflating ontological and semantic levels in self-awareness analysis, and criteria for assessing first-person claims across introspective, memory-based, testimonial, and mirror contexts.
کلیدواژهها [English]
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