Univrsity Of Tehran Press Philosophy and Kalam 2008-9422 57 2 2025 02 18 Three Levels of “Universal” and “Particular” Based on Three Philosophical Approaches (Quiddity Correspondence, Gradational Inclusion in Existential Levels, The Encompassing of Divine Being over Manifestations) Three Levels of “Universal” and “Particular” Based on Three Philosophical Approaches (Quiddity Correspondence, Gradational Inclusion in Existential Levels, The Encompassing of Divine Being over Manifestations) 519 541 100763 10.22059/jitp.2024.380637.523531 FA Mahdi Saadatmand Assistant Professor, Department of Islamic Studies, Faculty of Theology, Yazd University, Yazd, Iran. Ali Babaei Associate Professor, Department of Islamic Philosophy and Theology, Faculty of Theology and Islamic Science, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran. Journal Article 2024 08 18 The discussion of "universal" and "particular" is a significant and pervasive topic across both mental and objective realms. This concept extends from essence to existence, making it an inseparable and decisive part of any philosophical school. A key question arises: How do the meanings and implications of "universal" and "particular" change with shifts in philosophical foundations? In the quiddity view, universals and particulars are confined to conceptual and quiddity domains. The individuation of each particular depends on a quiddity subsumed under a broader universal concept. Different types of universals are the results of various quiddity considerations. However, with a shift toward the doctrine of the primacy and gradational unity of existence, the roles of universals and particulars extend beyond quiddity correspondence. Existence, while inherently particular and individualized, universally encompasses all existential levels. Each higher level of existence embodies the truth of the lower, while each lower existence represents a refinement of the higher. Finally, in the third journey, the particular, in its specific meaning, signifies the encompassing nature of a personal existential reality over its manifestations. The universal, on the other hand, refers to the gradational and expansive manifestation of existence encompassing divine appearances. Thus, universality and particularity are conceptual considerations that vary depending on differing perspectives in ontology, whether they pertain to essence, existence, or their related dimensions. The discussion of "universal" and "particular" is a significant and pervasive topic across both mental and objective realms. This concept extends from essence to existence, making it an inseparable and decisive part of any philosophical school. A key question arises: How do the meanings and implications of "universal" and "particular" change with shifts in philosophical foundations? In the quiddity view, universals and particulars are confined to conceptual and quiddity domains. The individuation of each particular depends on a quiddity subsumed under a broader universal concept. Different types of universals are the results of various quiddity considerations. However, with a shift toward the doctrine of the primacy and gradational unity of existence, the roles of universals and particulars extend beyond quiddity correspondence. Existence, while inherently particular and individualized, universally encompasses all existential levels. Each higher level of existence embodies the truth of the lower, while each lower existence represents a refinement of the higher. Finally, in the third journey, the particular, in its specific meaning, signifies the encompassing nature of a personal existential reality over its manifestations. The universal, on the other hand, refers to the gradational and expansive manifestation of existence encompassing divine appearances. Thus, universality and particularity are conceptual considerations that vary depending on differing perspectives in ontology, whether they pertain to essence, existence, or their related dimensions. https://jitp.ut.ac.ir/article_100763_4cf0393102b71af83696b85fb517ade3.pdf